Pies were among the most common plates in the Italian Middle Ages. In the past, we prepared a few recipes for both torta and pastello, two different kinds of pie (for example, prawn pastello, saffron cheesecake, and apple torta). This week we are preparing a delicious pork pastero from Anonimo Veneziano‘s cookbook, written around the end of the 14th century.
We find scarce information in the medieval Italian cookbooks about the methods to prepare the crusts for a torta or a pastello, being frequently the basic preparation given for granted by the authors, whereas in texts written in the following centuries they are described in detail. One of the most extensive sources is Bartolomeo Scappi’s book, written in the 16th century, which provides several recipes. Scappi calls this pie pasticcio, a variant for the word pastello that is actually the same, as well as pastero, the term used by Anonimo Veneziano. Scappi prepares pasticci with different kinds of crusts. For many of these, Scappi writes to make a hole to pour liquids in the pasticcio, the same method Anonimo Veneziano uses for his pastero. We have always to remember that there is not just one right way to prepare authentic medieval foods: there are several methods, and it is essential to understand the principles behind them.
If you want to know more about historical pies, read our book Early Italian Recipes. Cereals, bread, pasta, and pies, where you will find historical information about cereals and their preparations from the Antiquity to the end of the Renaissance, with 114 recipes for pasta, bread, pizza, pies, and more, newly translated and explained.
If you are interested in late-medieval cuisine, we recommend Libro de la Cocina. Medieval Tuscan Recipes and Registrum Coquine. A medieval cookbook. To learn about the transition between ancient and medieval cooking, check out De Observatione Ciborum, written by the physician Anthimus to the king of the Franks Theuderic. If you are interested in recipes for vegetables from the Antiquity to the beginning of the Modern Era in Early Italian Recipes. Vegetables, fruit, herbs, and flowers available in English and Italian.
For information about ancient cuisine, read Ancient Roman Cooking. Ingredients, Recipes, Sources. Moreover, full translations of historical sources and articles on ancient and medieval cooking are available on Patreon.
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The crust for Scappi’s pasticcio
This method described by Scappi is similar to the one we followed to prepare the crust for our pork pastero (5.10). The shape is different, but there is not just one proper shape to make a pastello: in this case, we wrapped the crust around the filling, as suggested by Anonimo Veneziano for another recipe, but in some cases, the crust for the pastello is previously cooked before filling it.
Habbisi apparecchiata una cassa fatta di fiore di farina, rossi d’ova, et un poco di strutto, et sale, et in essa cassa si metti la compositione ricolta, di modo che venga sù dritta a foggia d’una piramide, questo si fa acciocche tenga sollevato il coperchio: si cuopra il pasticcio, e faccisi cuocere al forno, e come sarà presso a cotto, per il buco di sopra se gli potrà ponere rossi d’ova sbattuti, con agresto chiaro, et un poco di brodo. Tal pasticcio vuole cuocersi adagio, e se pigliasse troppo colore di sopra, cuoprirsi con un foglio di carta straccia doppio. E così si potrà fare agli altri pasticci, quando pigliano troppo colore.
“Have prepared a crust made with flour, egg yolks, a bit of lard, and salt, and in this crust place the filling in such a way it takes the shape of a pyramid to keep the lid lifted. Cover the pasticcio and cook it in the oven. When it will be almost cooked through, pour in the hole on top beaten egg yolks, clear verjuice, and a bit of broth. This pasticcio wants to cook at low heat. If it takes too much color, cover it with a double layer of paper. And make this with the other pasticci if they take too much color.”
Below (5.47), the author describes another interesting crust made with fiore di farina, et rossi d’ova, acqua rosa, sale, et acqua tiepida. Per ogni libra di pasta piglisi otto once di butiro et a poco a poco mettasi in la pasta, mescolando del continuo sino a tanto che sia finito il butiro [flour, egg yolks, rose water, salt, and warm water. For each pound of dough, take eight ounces of butter and add it a little at a time to the dough, kneading all the time until the butter is finished].
Other kinds of crusts for the pasticcio are made in a simpler way, with just flour and water. In this case, Bartolomeo Scappi recommends using cool water to prevent the dough from fermenting and ruin in this way the crust.
Below, you find the original text with our translation and the video of the recipe, subtitled in English and Italian. Enjoy!
Ingredients (for two pasteri)
350 gr white wheat flour
50 gr lard
2 eggs
400 gr pork collar
½ onion
fresh or dry ginger
red wine vinegar
white cane sugar
Method
Cut the collar into small pieces, then mince the onion and ginger. Mix the ingredients adding a couple of pinches of salt.
To prepare the crust, knead the flour with a bit of lard, a pinch of salt, one egg yolk, and water until you obtain a smooth consistency. Divide the dough into two parts. Flatten the dough with your hands and shape a circle about a quarter of a finger thick.
Stuff the dough with half the filling, then fold it around leaving a hole on top. Brush a beaten egg yolk on the crust, then bake the pastero in the oven for about 40 minutes.
Mix a bit of sugar and vinegar. Remove the pastero from the oven and pour a bit of this mixture in the hole, then resume the cooking for 10-15 minutes. The cooking time may change considerably, depending on how much the crust is thick. The pastero will be done when the crust will be perfectly cooked.
Serve it still hot.
Note about the ingredients
The author does not specify which cut of pork to use for this recipe. However, there are no cooking fats for the filling, and for this reason it is better to choose a fat cut or mixing fat and lean meat, for example pork belly and loin.
We used fresh ginger, but in the text it is used dry ground ginger, the only spice for this recipe. In the Middle Ages, cooks had it at disposal both fresh and dry. We suggest following your taste, remembering that dry ginger is more spicy, whereas fresh ginger has a more complex flavor.
To make the crust, Scappi uses fiore di farina, superfine wheat flour, the most common kind of flour since the Antiquity.
Anonimo Veneziano does not mention the hole in which to pour the liquids during the cooking, but he specifies this step in his other recipes for pastero, and the method followed is exactly the same.
Original text
Pastero de carne de porcho optimo. Toy la carne e taila ben menuda e fay le croste e mitige quella carne entro, e metige cepola ben trita e polveriza del zenzevro; poy che cocto, habii aceto e zucharo e un pocho d’aqua, meti dentro a bolire, etc.
Translation
Excellent pork pastero. Take the meat and cut it finely, then make the crusts and arrange inside the meat with well-minced onion. Dust with ginger. When it is cooked, pour inside [in the hole] to boil vinegar mixed with sugar and a bit of water.
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Early Italian Recipes. Cereals, bread, pasta, and pies
Libro de la Cocina by Anonimo Toscano. Medieval Tuscan Recipes
Early Italian Recipes. Vegetables, fruit, herbs, and flowers
De Observatione Ciborum by Anthimus. Early-medieval recipes at the court of the Franks.
Registrum Coquine by Johannes Bockenheim. A medieval cookbook
Ancient Roman Cooking. Ingredients, Sources, Recipes
Translations of Historical Sources
De Agri Cultura by Cato – first part (2nd century BCE)
De Re Coquinaria by Apicius (Ancient Rome)
Apicii Excerpta by Vinidarius (5th or 6th century)
De Observatione Ciborum by Anthimus (6th century)
Appendicula de Condituris Variis by Johannes Damascenus (8th or 9th century)
De Flore Dietarum (11th century)
Tractatus de Modo Preparandi et Condiendi Omnia Cibaria (13th or 14th century)
Liber de Coquina – first part (14th century)
Enseignemenz (14th century)
Opusculum de Saporibus by Mainus de Maineris (14th century)
Libro de la Cocina by Anonimo Toscano (14th century)
Anonimo Veneziano (14th century)
Registrum Coquine by Johannes von Bockenheim (15th century)
Libro de Arte Coquinaria by Maestro Martino – parts 1-4 (15th century)
Recipes
Tuscan Chicken Soup with Unripe Grapes
Early-medieval Kohlrabi Stew
Tuscan Fried Leek Rings
Pork Ribs
Tuscan Pancakes with Wild Flowers
Hop Shoots
Shrimp – Savore de Gambari
Orange Frittata – Fritata de Pomerantiis
Tuscan Soup with Hen and Florence Fennel
The diet of the Franks – Celery Root and Beef Stew
Tuscan Fish Cakes – Salciccie di Pescio
Tuscan Stew with Pork Belly and Rutabaga
Pork and Onion Soup
Tuscan Radish Soup
The Diet of the Franks – Endive and Pork Jowl
Tuscan Fried Meatballs
The Diet of the Franks – Chicken Stew
Castagnazzi
Renaissance Stuffed Cucumbers
Pork Roast with Cherry Sauce
Renaissance Fried Tomatoes
Herbolata
The Diet of the Franks – Beef Stew
Fried Chicken Soup
Beef Roast with Garlic Sauce
Bread Soup
Salted Meat and Peas
Baghdadi Rice Cream
Chicken with White-Pepper Sauce – Piperatum Album
Indian Chickpeas and Meat
The Diet of the Franks – Pork Stew
Chestnut and Mushrooms
Lentils with Oregano and Watermint
Egyptian Bread with Pistachios and Almonds
Veal with Fennel-Flower Sauce
Pork Roast with Green Sauce
Eggs Poached in Wine
Brodium Theutonicum
Crispellae – Pancakes with Saffron and Honey
Brodium Sarracenium – Chicken Stew
Fava Beans and Pork
Erbe Minute – Meatballs with Herbs
Lettuce and Pork Soup
Zanzarelli – Egg and Cheese Soup
Turnip and Beef Soup for Servants
Cheese Pasta – Vivanda Bona
Gratonata – Chicken Stew
Chickpea Soup with Poached Eggs
Apple Fritters
Hippocras and Claretum – Mulled Wine
Pastero – Pork Pie
10th-century Goat Roast – A Langobard at the Court of the Byzantine Emperor
Romania – A Recipe Between Arabic and Italian Tradition – Medieval Chicken with Pomegranates
Emperor’s Fritters
Medieval Pizza – The Origin of Pizza
Roast Chicken with Salsa Camellina
Sweet Rice
Afrutum or Spumeum – 6th-century Byzantine recipe
A Medieval Breakfast – Wine, Carbonata, and Millet Bread
Salviata – Eggs and Sage
Tria di Vermicelli
Cabbage Soup
Frittelle Ubaldine – Pancakes with Flowers and Herbs
Saffron Cheesecake
Drunken Pork – Early Medieval Pork Stew
Medieval Monk’s Stuffed-Egg Soup
Apple Pie
Onion Soup
Gnocchi
Lentils and Mustard Greens
Chicken soup – Brodo Granato
Turnip Soup
Beans and Bacon – Black-Eyed Peas
Prawn Pie – Pastello de Gambari
Foxtail Millet Polenta and Spit-Roasted Goose
Beef Stew
Blancmange
Leek Soup
Quail Stew with Coconut
Chicken Pie
Ravioli
Almond Cream
Red Mullet Soup
Spit Roast Beef with Arugula Seeds
Walnut Bread
Lasagna
Tripe
Fried Fish
Roast Lamb with Green Sauce
Clams
Sweet and Sour Sardines
Trouts with Green Sauce
Lamb Stew
Quails with Sumac
Chicken with Fennel Flowers
Sea Bream
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